medical research by country
Only the first 15 sheets are pre-viewable, please download the file to see the complete database. July 12, 2023. Official website of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Attraction Scores indicate the proportions of publications on certain research areas or topics relative to the total volumes of publications. Our choice was motivated by reasons of simplicity and because we believed that PubMeds tagging of publications as letters or editorials could be not fully accurate and possibly unequal among countries. Studying publication volumes at the country level is key to understanding and improving a countrys research system. Official websites use .gov 7 1 The authors additionally allocated scores to quantify focal areas of interest and examined thepotential use of these scores byexploring the relationship between Attraction Score and research policy on hESCs. We compared the numbers of publications obtained by using this function with the numbers of publications obtained by using the custom range function to define time periods that we described above. The grant from the Luca Coscioni Association was for Qinyi Xu. The AAMC is a leading voice and advocate for the full spectrum of medical research. et al. These are the 10 best countries for life sciences research On average, review publications constituted 9.9% of the publications, ranging from a maximum of 14.7% (Italy) to a minimum of 2.9% for South Korea ( per capita. Dickey- It should be noted, however, that some of the countries joined the European Union between 1993 and 2012. Since the results are irrelevant, we decided not to show data of queries with criteria A in this paper. World Report is hosted by NIH; managed by a steering committee of participants; and supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the European Commission, the NIH, the U.K.'s Medical Research Council, and Wellcome Trust. Download the reports. We used the same method used to determine the Clinical Trial Attraction Score. We have weighed the statistics against general indicators such as country populations and gross domestic products (GDP). ( Women with gestational diabetes can manage their blood glucose levels by following a healthy eating plan and being physically active. Numbers of publications (reviews excluded) of the 20 countries with the most publications (reviews excluded) in the year 2012 are shown, either obtained by automatic CSV downloads (pale green) or by custom range searches (pale green + pale blue). Global Health Expenditure Database Figure S6 show the number of publications per 1,000 people for the 20 and the 40 countries with the highest publications We also ranked all other countries based on their publications Indeed, while we decided not to include reviews in the majority of calculations, we included them in some other calculations. Biomedical publication and Attraction Score data based on PubMed searches The database contains data about the volumes of biomedical publications by country. In During the 5-year period 2008-2012, the United States was the country with the highest number of publications and Denmark the one with the highest number of publications A. Database also contains estimates of the publications in English. These data confirm that PubMed is a reliable search engine that accurately retrieves information from databases that are promptly updated. The countrythat has the highest medical research spending ranked 1st on our list, and the country with the lowest research spending at the last place. We did so by using the operator NOT before the word review typed in the Publication Type field. This is due to the way in which the regulatory requirement for prior approval before using hESC translated into an excessively burdensome approvals process, which is often blamed for Japan lagging behind other countries Figure 3, the data were obtained from 2013 searches. "Medicine is of all the Arts the most noble," wrote the Ancient Greek physician. 18, which resulted in a high Attraction Score for both 20082012 ( One Couple's Fight to Cure ALS : Consider This from NPR For example, the acronym US could be present in affiliations not related to the United States, and therefore, even if we believe that (based also on pilot tests we have performed; data not shown) this effect is conceivably negligible, there might be the possibility that the searches for the United States are slightly overestimated. Guidance to NIH staff, including employees, contractors, trainees, and volunteers, related to COVID-19. The percentages were calculated by determining the proportions between the numbers of publications obtained with Criteria A and the numbers of publications obtained with Criteria A but without the exclusion of reviews. By pretty much any metric, the US has destroyed the competition when it comes to total impact in medical research and innovation. Criteria E were used to calculate the proportions in the 5-year periods 20032007 and 20082012. While governments effectively rose to the challenge of the first year of the pandemic, they face the further challenge of sustaining increased public spending on health and other social sectors in the face of deteriorating macroeconomic conditions and rising debt servicing. We agree with the referee that the term correlation analysis can create confusion. The total number of publications during years 20082012 (almost four million, excluding review publications) is nearly the double the number of publications during years 19931997, The proportion of publications based on clinical trials has remained constant around 5% since 1993, The proportion of review publications for the 20 countries with the most publications is 9.9%, with a maximum for Italy (14.7%) and a minimum for South Korea (2.9%) (years 20082012), The United States, with over one million publications in years 20082012 (reviews excluded) is by far the country with the most publications, having almost four times the publications of the second ranking country, China, The country with the highest publications-to-GDP ratio, among the 40 countries with the most publications, is Israel, followed by the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and South Korea (years 20082012), The country with the highest publications-to-R&D expenditure (GERD PPP), among the 20 countries with the highest GDPs is the United Kingdom, followed by Italy, Turkey, and the Netherlands, Among the 20 countries with the most publications, Iran is the country with the highest relative increase (+220%) in the number of publications from years 20032007 to years 20082012. WHO provides leadership, calling on the wider scientific community to engage behind global health concerns. We therefore estimated the ratio of publications in the life sciences with publications in all fields and reported the results in Figure 20 (sheet 19) reports the Topic Attraction Scores for embryonic stem cells and human embryonic stem cells in the 12 countries with the most publications in the time period 20082012. Figure 23 shows the relative changes in publications from time period 20032007 to time period 20082012. In particular, we think that the volumes of publications, the relative changes in time, and the Attraction Scores described here provide valuable and unique information about the biomedical and biological research systems of countries. The 10 largest public and philanthropic funders of health research in These differences can be attributed primarily to the activation of the English language filter (See results below). international research activities and partnered Figure S10 (sheet 21) reports data for the 20 countries with the most publications in year 2012. Criteria A and B were used to calculate the proportions in the 5-year periods 19931997, 19982002, 20032007, and 20082012. A two-dimensional approach to evaluate the scientific production of countries (case study: the basic sciences). http://www.scimagojr.com/). This step allowed as to generate Attraction Scores for areas or topics (named WHO's annual World Health Statistics reports present the most recent health statistics for the WHO Member States and each edition supersedes the previous one. South Korea (104.3%) and China (99.3%) were second and third in this ranking. The numbers of publications are also compared to general non-bibliometric indicators such as the country population, the GDP and the R&D expenditure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Biomedical research productivity: factors across the countries. We have measured the numbers of publications during different time periods based on the country of affiliation of the first authors. On average the difference was -18.4%, with a maximum difference of -21.7% for Turkey and a minimum difference of -13.8% for Iran. Even in this case the results were very similar, and the average difference for the 20 countries with the most publications in the time period 20082012 was only 0.6%, with a maximum difference for Iran (6.1%) (sheet 4). The site is secure. We would like to thank again professor Vafa Rahimi Movaghar for taking the time to read and comment our paper and for this helpful feedback. Nonetheless, we run the same query also using criteria A, and we obtained very similar results. In Figure 4 (sheet 4), we show a pie chart with the 25 countries with the most publications, including a "slice" representing the rest of the world (representing 10.0% of the total publications). World Health Statistics He is right but we have already addressed this issue in the Discussion section of the paper. Before Our revised draft will certainly emphasize this point further. The Clinical Trial Attraction Scores were calculated by dividing the numbers of Clinical Trials publications (reviews excluded) by the total numbers of publications (reviews excluded) in the 5-year period 20082012 and multiplying by 10,000. NIH supports research in COVID-19 testing, treatments, and vaccines. Data show an average of 36.7% publications in the life sciences with China (22.7%) and Iran (26.4%) scoring at the bottom and the United States (54.0%) and the United Kingdom (48.2%) scoring at the top. Attraction Scores indicate the proportions of publications on certain research areas or topics relative to the total volumes of publications. Learn about this pregnancy-related high blood pressure disorder. In the event of publications with authors based in different countries, we chose to attribute the paper only to the country of the leading author rather than collaborators. Guided primarily by the need to understand short economic advantages, the share of paying by pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device firms on part 3 clinical trials (massive studies in people who usually represent the ultimate step before regulative approval) grew by 36 % between 2004 and 2012. This particular case may lead to overestimating the number of publications for that country. Research funding, by the personal sector, has conjointly shifted to later stage development and far from basic science. The numbers of publications are also compared to general non-bibliometric indicators such as the country population, the GDP and the R&D expenditure. Based on these parameters, here is the list of 10 countries with highest medical research spending. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Even if indexes based on the quality of research have been already proposed Figure S5) (sheet 4). . In a study in the New England Journal, researchers found the U.S. comprised 51% of world research spent, at $131 billion in 2007. 19 worried that [a]lthough direct, quantitative effects are difficult to demonstrate, it seems reasonable that these regulatory delays have presented serious challenges to Japanese researchers working, or seeking to work, in these fields, and ultimately impeded progress and competitiveness. The full spectrum of health research spans five generic areas of activity: measuring the health problem; understanding its cause(s); elaborating solutions; translating the solutions or evidence into policy . This pace fell sharply within the following decade, where. per capita. Review publications are generally excluded, unless otherwise specified. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) For this reason, it will be important to confirm these results by analyzing also other authoritative and comprehensive databases like Scopus (Elsevier) and Web of Science (Thomson Reuters) that might contain a few publications not retrieved by PubMed. To address the problem of countries recorded under multiple names, we have used the different designations separated by the Boolean operator OR. Figure 3), and the group of 20 countries was the same with the exception of Israel, which was only in the 20082012 group and Denmark, which was only in the 2012 group. Figure 3, the data were obtained from 2013 searches. Figure 7 and data file (sheet 21). We work with federal policy makers to ensure that our members' perspective is incorporated into federal legislation and regulation. Submit your middle school lesson plans to the BEAMS Challenge. We then included reviews and re-ranked the same 20 countries shown in Almost every country in this group is also in the group of countries with the most publications in the time period 20082012; the exceptions are Russia, Mexico, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia, which are not part of the group with the most publications, and Sweden, Israel, Iran, and Belgium, which are not in the group of 20 countries with the highest GDPs. The Attraction Score for hES cells of the highest ranking country (South Korea) was 8.1 times the Attraction Score of the lowest ranking country (Italy). United States, Israel, and Switzerland were, in descending order, the countries with the highest scores while Turkey, Iran and Brazil were, in descending order, the ones with the lowest scores. We do not believe that this is a problem: in the vast majority of cases, first author and corresponding author are either the same person or they work in the same research institution/geographical area and therefore have the same country affiliation. Since then Wallach and Abrevaya have changed the face of medical advocacy in the country, helping secure legislation that President Biden signed in 2021 that funds $100 million worth of ALS . Figure S10 ( Figure 10) (sheet 9). We now provide a revised version based on the feedback received from both referees. Even if assessing the countries biomedical publications based on the first author provides slightly different information from an assessment based on all authors, we expect that the patterns presented in this paper will not substantially change even if the new settings of PubMed were to be used. 10 Countries with Highest Medical Research Spending Population data ( Editorial: Biomedical research; what gets funded where? Here are some preliminary answers to his few concerns. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. A medical career starts with finding the program that best fits your needs. ( We determined the number of world publications based on clinical trial studies (obtained without searching any country name in the Affiliation field, see Methods section), for the time periods 19931997, 19982002, 20032007, and 20082012. The NIH website offers health information for the public, scientists, researchers, medical professionals, patients, educators, Though PubMed search engine and MEDLINE database had been previously used to assess the quantity of research publications of countries Furthermore, even if some researchers have multiple affiliations, it is plausible that in many cases the multiple affiliations of a single researcher are from the same country; in addition, the single affiliation listed in PubMed, being the one usually more involved in the execution of the research project that led to that specific publication, is most likely the one that better serves our analytical purposes. This paper analyzed the volume of publications in the field of life sciences by country and continent in order to better understand regional differences in life sciences research infrastructure. Figure 22 (Sheet 23). Its tuition is full-time: $66,284. We observed that the percentage of publications containing a country name in the affiliation increases with time. The application Read More , The Weill Cornell Medical College at Cornell University (Weill) has an application deadline of Oct. 16. There are other valuable sources such as ISI, Embase and Scopus which may change the results of the study. NIH is one of the world's foremost medical research centers. Military Medical Research is an open access, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to disseminating the latest evidence and novel findings in the full range of topics in basic and clinical sciences, translational research and precision medicine, emerging and interdisciplinary subjects, and superior technologies.. Focus of the journal is modern military medicine, but we welcome manuscripts from other . Please enable scripts and reload this page. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD) were retrieved from World Bank databases. per capita, respectively. In order to determine the proportion of publications that are clinical trial studies, a proxy for the level of attractiveness towards clinical trial investigations, we created the Clinical Trial Attraction Score, defined as the ratio of clinical trial publications to the general publications multiplied by 10,000 (to make these scores comparable to the Topic Attraction Scores, see below). We would like to confirm our first response to Professor Vafa Rahimi Movaghar. As a proxy for the level of attractiveness towards specific research areas or topics, we determined Attraction Scores for research areas or topics. Given that the first author ordinarily either matches the corresponding author or has the same affiliation country of the corresponding author and that the first author (even when she/he is not the corresponding author) frequently plays a prominent role in the project design or execution, this approach has the advantage of classifying papers based on the effective location of the main ideation and execution of research projects. Little is known about how frequently outsourcing occurs or the type of research that is outsourced. NIH provides training opportunities internally, as well as at universities and other institutions across the U.S. National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, NIH Institute and Center Contact Information, Biomedical Engineering Lesson Plan Challenge. The revenue in the medical technology market in Brazil was forecast to continuously increase between 2023 and 2027 by 3.4 billion U.S. dollars (+32.95 percent). By analyzing the relationship between the Attraction Scores for human embryonic stem cells and the regulatory policies, we propose an example of how these Attraction Scores could be used to assess the research impact of regulatory policies. If you are wondering which country is spending the highest amount of money on medical research, keep reading this article, and you will get your answer in our list of 10 countries with highest medical research spending. First, as also shown in However, this was beyond the purposes of our research and we have already acknowledged this in the first version of the paper with the following paragraph of the Discussion section: "Sixth, the quality (however one defines quality in this context) of publications is not taken in account. Federal funding for hESC research has been available since the early 2000s and has been comparatively generous since then as evidenced by the fact that, in 2009, the MaRS Regenerative Medicine 2009 Industry Briefing report ranked Canada 4th (after the United States, the United Kingdom, and South Korea) for government funding for stem cell research ( We determined the number of total world publications (obtained without searching any country name in the Affiliation field, see Methods section) for the time periods 19931997, 19982002, 20032007, and 20082012. 10 countries with highest medical research spending10 Most Advanced Countries in MedicineBrazil medical research spendingChina medical research spendingchina r&d spending 2015countries with highest medical research spendingFrance medical research spendingGermany medical research spendingglobal r&d spending 2015highest medical research spendingIndia medical research spendingJapan medical research spendinglist of countries by research and development spending 2017List XFinancemedical research funding by countryr&d expenditure by country 2016r&d expenditure in Indiaresearch and development expenditure (% of GDP)research and development spending by countryresearch and development spending by industryRussia medical research spendingSlideshowSouth Korea medical research spendingThe United Kingdom medical research spendingThe United States medical research spendingthe USA medical research spendingtop 10 countries in science researchUK medical research spendingUS medical research spendingwhich country leads the world in research and development spendingShow moreShow less, 8 Safest, Most-Trusted Ethereum Wallets of 2017, 5 Easiest Liquors to Make at Home with Fruit, Yeast and Sugar, 25 Easiest Liberal Arts Colleges to Get Into, 7 Best Liquors and Drinks to Drink Straight for a Newbie, 10 Countries with the Lowest White Population Percentage in the World, 7 Easiest Mixed Drinks to Make with Vodka, 7 Easiest Jewelry Store Credit Cards to Get, 7 Easiest Languages to Learn for Spanish Speakers. Since this study focuses mainly on publications from 1993 to 2012, we have attributed a paper to a certain country based on the first authors affiliation. The countries are ranked according to the scores. At any rate, repeating this study by taking in consideration all authors could be informative to determine which countries have a propensity for leading (i.e. 1 http://www.battelle.org/docs/tpp/2014_global_rd_funding_forecast.pdf) and expressed as GERD (Gross Expenditure on Research and Development) of year 2012 with Purchasing Power Parity in US$ billion. The reviewer mentions that it would be better to include reviews publications in the publication count. As the line graph below demonstrates (that's the number of publications on the Y. The data refer to time periods 1993-1997, 1998-2002, 2003-2007, 2008-2012 or the single year 2012. This isn't even up for debate. U.S. research and development expenditure (% of GDP) on medical research grew at a median annual rate of 6 % between 1994 and 2004. The ten leading countries in natural-sciences research Even if indexes based on the quality of research have been already proposed Figure S17) and 20032007 (sheet 19). We discuss this issue in the Results and Discussion sections. In this regard, it should be noted that at the beginning of 2014, PubMed started inserting affiliation information for every author of published articles, however without the possibility of limiting the search to first authors ( To this end, we inserted in quotes the chosen research areas or topics of interest (for example, public health or personalized medicine) in the Title/Abstract field in the Advanced section of PubMed.
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medical research by country
